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} A Thai language (ภาษาไทย, phasa thai, meaning "the language of Thais"), is the national and official language of Thailand and the mother tongue of the Thai people, Thailand's dominant ethnic group. Thai occurs as member of the Tai group of the Tai-Kadai language family. A Tai-Kadai languages come thought to own originated inside what is currently southern China, and a select few linguists use at times proposed links to the Austroasiatic, Austronesian, or Sino-Tibetan language families. These are the tonal and analytic language. the combination of key, a complex orthography, relational markers and the distinctive phonology can make Thai hard to see for speakers of numbers of unrelated & extremely differing languages.
Languages and dialects
Additionally to Standard Thai, Thailand is house to many more related Tai languages, including:
Numerous one languages come spoken by multitude outside Thailand. Virtually all speakers of idiom & minority languages speak Central Thai additionally.
Standard Thai is composed of many distinct registers, forms for different social contexts:
Less-educated Thais could speak just at a foremost level. Couple might speak a Sacred or even Royal forms.
Script
Independent article: Thai alphabet
A Thai alphabet from either a Khmer alphabet (à¸à¸±à¸?ขระเขมร), which is modeled after a Brahmic script from a Indic family. Good deal prefer a Burmese adopted a Mon script (which also has Indic origins), a Thais adopted & modified Khmer script to produce their have orthography. When a oldest known inscription in the Khmer language dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in the area of Thai writing began to pop up around 1292 CE. Notable features include:
A latter particularly induces problems for computer encryption & text giving.
No universal standard for transliterating Thai into English. E.g., a title of King Rama IX, a present monarch, is transliterated multifariously when Bhumibol, Phumiphon, or even several more versions. Decision books, text books & lexicon can to each one watch different systems. For this cause, virtually all language courses recommend that learners master a Thai alphabet. Within scholarly usage, French scholars tend to romanize Thai by using a letter-for-letter transcription based on data from the original Sanskrit value of the characters. Anglophone scholars typically like either the simplified phonetic giving or even a few variation on the International Phonetic Alphabet. This article utilizes the simplified IPA system which does not show tone or even vowel length.
A Thai Royal Institute [http://www.royin.go.th/] publishes sets of system for transliterating Thai words into a Roman alphabet & a other way around (the Royal Thai General System of Transcription), but which are actually far from either always applied.
A ISO published an international standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=20574&ICS1=1&ICS2=140&ICS3=10].
Grammar
Adjectives
Comparatives take a form "A X กว่า (kwa, IPA )).
Verbs
Adverbs
Nouns
When within English, such classifiers come unremarkably abstracted ("four chairs") or even optional ("two bottles of beer" or even "two beers"), the classifier is just about universally utilized around Thai (hence "chair four item" & "beer two bottle").
Pronouns
Subject pronouns are typically omitted, when nicknames are typically utilized in which English would have the pronoun. There are specialised pronouns in the royal & sacred Thai languages. A resulting come appropriate for colloquial have:
!word || RTGS || IPA || meaning
|-
| ผม || phom || || I/me (masculine)
|-
| ดิฉัน || dichan || ) || I/me (feminine)
|-
| ฉัน || chan || || I/me (masculine or even feminine; informal)
|-
| คุณ || khun || || smart shoppers (civilized)
|-
| เธอ || thoe || || your family (informal)
|-
| เรา || rao || || we
|-
| เขา || khao || || he/she
|-
| มัน || human || || it
|-
| พวกเขา || phuak-khao || ||they
|-
| พี่ || phi || ||older brother or even sister (typically utilized loosely for older non-relatives)
|-
| น้อง || nong || ||immature brother or even sister (typically utilized loosely for younger non-relatives)
|}
Particles
More most common particles come:
!word || RTGS || IPA || meaning
|-
| จ๊ะ || cha || || indicating the request
|-
| จ้ะ, จ้า or even จ๋า || cha || || indicating emphasis
|-
| ละ or even ล่ะ || la || || indicating emphasis
|-
| สิ || si || || indicating emphasis or even an imperative
|-
| นะ || na || || indicating the request
|}
Phonology
!colspan="2" style="background: #ffc;"|tone of syllable
!colspan="3"|initial consonant
|-
!align="left"|tone mark||syllable composition||high class||mid class||low class
|-
||none||long vowel or even vowel + sonorant
|style="background: #ffc;"|rising
|style="background: #ffc;"|mid
|style="background: #ffc;"|mid
|-
|none||long vowel + plosive
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|falling
|-
|none||short vowel at prevent or even + plosive
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|high
|-
|mai ek (–่)||any
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|low
|style="background: #ffc;"|falling
|-
|mai tho (–้)||any
|style="background: #ffc;"|falling
|style="background: #ffc;"|falling
|style="background: #ffc;"|high
|-
|mai tri (–๊)||any
|style="background: #ffc;"|high
|style="background: #ffc;"|high
|style="background: #ffc;"|high
|-
|mai chattawa (–๋)||any
|style="background: #ffc;"|rising
|style="background: #ffc;"|rising
|style="background: #ffc;"|rising
|}
A letters ห (high class) & another time อ (mid class) come utilized when silent letters prior to a second consonant to create the correct tone. Inside polysyllabic words, an initial high class consonant using an inexplicit vowel renders a as a consequence syllable likewise high class.
There are two or three exceptions to this patterns, notably a pronouns chan & khao, which come then each pronounced sustaining a high tone like than the rising tone indicated per script (inside an informal conversation, typically whenever these words are recited or even review publically, it is pronouced around rising tone).
Consonants
In which English has merely a distinction between the soft, unaspirated pair.
Within both cell following, a foremost line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a 2nd indicates the Thai characters around initial position (further letters appearing in the equivalent pack own monovular pronunciation).
!
!colspan="3"|Bilabial
!colspan="1"|Labio-
* a glottal stop is implied when a short vowel while forgoing final, or even the silent อ prior to the vowel.
Vowels
|-
!
!align="center" | Front
!align="center" | Central
!align="center" | Back
|-
!align="left" |Close
|align="center"|
A vowels apiece survive within long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Thai, however normally transliterated a equivalent: เขา (khao) means he or even she, when ขาว (khao) means white.
A long-short pairs come when follows:
!colspan="3"|Long
!colspan="3"|Short
|-
!Thai
!IPA
!Explanation
!Thai
!IPA
!Explanation
|-
|–า
|||a inside "father"
|–ะ
|||u inside "nut"
|-
|–ี
|||ee inside "see"
|–ิ
|||y inside "greedy"
|-
|–ู
|||ue around "blue"
|–ุ
|||oo inside "look"
|-
|เ–
|||a inside "lame"
|เ–ะ
|||e within "set"
|-
|แ–
|
A basic vowels may be combined into diphthongs as follows:
!colspan="3"|Long
!colspan="3"|Short
|-
!Thai
!IPA
!Explanation
!Thai
!IPA
!Explanation
|-
|–าย
|||I personally around "I" (stressed)
|ไ–, ใ–, ไ–ย
|||I inside "I"
|-
|–าว
|||ao around "Lao"
|เ–า
|||ow inside "cow"
|-
|เ–ีย
|||ea inside "ear" (hanker)
|เ–ียะ
|||ea around "ear"
|-
|–
|–
|–
|–ิว
|||ew within "new" (short)
|-
|–ัว
|||ewe around "newer"
|–ัวะ
|||ure within "pure" (short)
|-
|–ูย
|||ooee within "cooee!"
|–ุย
|||uey inside "bluey"
|-
|เ–ว
|||a within "lame" + o inside "poke"
|เ–็ว
|||e inside "set" + o inside "poke"
|-
|แ–ว
|||a within "ham" + o around "poke"
|–
|–
|–
|-
|เ–ือ
|||u inside French "dur" + the within "father"
|–
|–
|–
|-
|เ–ย
|||u around "burn" + y within "yes"
|–
|–
|–
|-
|–อย
|||oy around "boy" (yearn)
|–
|–
|–
|-
|โ–ย
||oe within "Chloe"
|–
|–
|–
|}
In addition, there are leash triphthongs, all of which are then yearn:
!colspan="3"|Long
|-
!Thai
!IPA
!Explanation
|-
|เ–ียว
||ee + aow
|-
|–วย
||oo + I personally within "I"
|-
|เ–ือย
||u within French "dur" + We within "I"
|}
For a helpful hints to written vowels, look at the Thai alphabet page.
Vocabulary
More than compound words and words of foreign origin, virtually all words come monosyllabic. Historically, words keep close at hand virtually all typically been imported from either Sanskrit and Pali; Buddhist terminology was a particularly profitable source one. Since a beginning of the 20th century, however, a English language has been the greatest influence.
Thailand likewise utilizes the distinctive six hour clock in addition to the 24 hour clock.
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